Method of carbonizing fuel in vertical-retort gas-benches for the production of gas and carbonized fuel.



H. L. DOHERTY. METHOD 0F cARBoN|zlNG-FUEL IN vERTlcAL RETORT GAS BENcHEs FOR THE PRoDucTloN oF GAS AND cARBoNlzED FUEL. APPLICATION FILED NOV. 15, |911. RENEWED APR 28, 1916.

1 1 87,049 Patented J une 13, 1916.

` 3 SHEETS-SHEET 1- a. E. le f/a. /5.

l vw c. who@ K H. L. DOHERTY. METHOD 0F CARBoNlZlNG FUEL |N VERTICAL RETDRT GAS BENcHEs FoR THE PRODUCTION 0F GAS AND cARBoNlzFD FUEL. APPLICATION FILED NOV. I5, I9ll. RENEWED APR. 28. l9l6.

l 1 87,049. Patented June 13, 1916.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

H. L. DOHERTY. METHOD 0E cARBoNLzLNG FUEL LN VERTICAL REToRT GAS BENcHEs ToR THE PRonucTloN oF @As AND cARoAnzEn EuEL. APPLICATION FILED NOV. 15| 1911. RENEWED APH. 28,1916. 1,187,049, Patented June 13, 1916.

3 SHETS-SHEET 3.

To all whom it may concern.'

UNITED sTATEs PATENT onirica.

HENRY L. iJoHEaTY, orv NEW Yoan, N. -Y.

METHOD OF CARBONIZING FUEL IN' VERTICAL-RETORT GAS-BENCHES FOR THE` PRODUCTION 0F GAS AND C\ARIBONIZED FUEL.

Specioation of Lettersjlatent. Patented June 13, 1916*,

Applicationl led November 15 1911, Serial No. 660,450. Renewed April 28, 1916. Serial No. 94,275.

Be it known that I, HENRY L. DOHERTY, a citizen of the United States, and resident of New York city, in the county 'of New York and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Methods of Carbonizing Fuel in Vertical- Retort Gas-Benches for the Production of Gas and Carbonized Fuel, of which the following is a specication.

This invention relates to a method of carbonizing fuel in vertical retort benches for the production of gas and carbonized fuel.

The object of my invention is to improve the manufacture of illuminating gas from fuels containing hydrogenous matter, in retorts or the like, by reducingthe proportion of fuel required for heating the retorts, by taking the gas ofi' of the retorts in a comparatively cool and pure` condition, whereby theA size of the apparatus required for the cooling and purification of the gas is diminished' and the purification facilitated, by quenching and cooling the coke in the retort itself and at the same time re turning and utilizing its sensible heat in the carbonization, by making it ypossible without change of apparatusto either recover the volatile tarry products of the .coal

separately from the main body of distilf lation gas or else to wholly convert the same into permanent gases and fixed residuum, as f well as by the introduction 'of various minor features oftreatment which will be revealed in detail below.

Briefiy stated, my invention comprises the carbonization of fuel in elongated ver.- tical chambers or retorts which are heated at a middle zone only, the portion of each retort above the said middle zone serving as a fuel preheating and tar condensmg chamber, while the portion below the md dle zone serves as a cooling chamber for the carbonized fuel. The retorts are, during operation, always maintained `fully charged-fresh fuel being charged yin at the top as carbonized fuel is withdrawn from the bottom.` The gases produced by` the distillation of the fuel in the middle zone are drawn oif from the upperpart ofthe retorts, and therefore through the mass of relatively cool fuel in the preheating chambers. The relative weights of fuel 'and into the cooling zone gas will usually be such that the gas will be cooled down to at least 300 F., at which temperature substantially all of the heavy tarry matters of the gas will condense, the gas discharging comparatively cool andv free from tar, vapor and such light hydrocarbons as. benzol, etc. The carbonized'material is drawn down from the carbonizing zone proper and there cooled by a current of gas or steam, or a combination of the two. For the cooling current it is advantageous to use a portion o f the distillation gas itself after the. 'removal of its illuminants and ammonia, together with more or less water vapor. The water vapor vmay advantageously be generated by the but carrying water by the presence of the gas. The mixture of deluminated gas and water vapor passes up through the carbonized fuel in the cooling sections of the retorts, taking up the heat of the fuel and quenching the same, and at the same time facilitating the evolution from the carbonized v fuel of the residual volatile matter which it contains. The returned gases then pass on up through the retort and join the main stream of gas which is being evolved from the fuel in the carbonizing zone proper. A portion of the volatile matter of the fuel is driven oif from the same in the lower part of the preheating zone, by the comparatively hot gases from the carbonizing zone.` When the tarry matters have accumulated ink the preheating chambers to a degree which becomes objectionable, the How of gas through the retorts is reVerSed-.-the cool lreturned gash being introduced at the top of the retorts and passed down through the tar-laden fuel in the preheating chambers, blowing the tarry liquid out. of the interstices of the .fuel therein and carrying it down in contact with the hot coke in the lower part of the preheating region of the retort whereby the tar is lre-vaporized. The returned gas Vladen with the tar vapors may be4 ythen either drawn off at a selected point above thel carbonizing. zone proper or else drawn down through the hot carbonized fuel in the densable hydrocarbons which maybe utilized in the enriching of the distillation gas and Xed residuum which de ositsI in the coke, increasing its density an hardness.

My invention also comprises various other features which are set forth below.

It will be seen thatv my process in partl may be summarized in general terms as a process of heatlng and treatlng materials which comprises advancing material to,

through and beyond a zoifeof high temperature, wherein changes in such material are accomplished, cooling the hot material beyond the said zone by a current of cooling gas, and bringing the gas thus heated into heat-transferring relationship to cool mate- 'f rial advancing toward said zone.

In the drawings I have shown an apparatus embodying my inventionand adapted to use in the carrying out ofI my process.

Figure 1 is a vertical crosssection through one of the beds of the bench with its coperating gas producer on the line 1 -1 of Fig. '3 and line 1 1 of Fig. 4. Fig. 2 is a rear elevation of a portion of the bench showing the lower mouthpieces and the arrangement of the gas connections to the same. Fig. 3 is a partial plan of the apparatus. Fig. 4 is a horizontal cross-section through one of the beds and its coperating furnace at the level 4 4 of Fig. 1. Fig. 5 is a vertical cross-section through a' recuperator on the line 5 5 of Fig. 11. Fig. 6 is a horizontal cross-section of the same bed on the line 6 6 of Fig. 1. Fig. 7 is a detail view on an enlarged scale showing a side elevation of one of the gas off-take connections. Fig. 8 is an elevation of the screening device and fuel bin. Fig. 9 is a detail on an enlarged scale showing a portion of a fuel conveyer and the method of discharging the fuel from the same; Fig. 10 is a partial front elevation of the battery of producers. Fig. 11 is a horizontal section through the setting on the line 11 11 of Fig. 1. Fig. 12 is a vertical crosssection through'the water evaporator. Fig. 13 is a detail showing a vertical section through one of the water distributers of the evaporator.

In the several figures, A, A, etc., are the retorts,`* 1, 1, etc., the carbonizing chambers of the retorts, 2, 2, 2, etc., are the preheating chambers of the same, 3, 3, 3, etc., the fuel cooling chambers of the same. f

4 and 5 are, respectively, the rear and front Walls of the bench shown in Fig. 1.

6, 6, 6, etc., are the gas-producing furnaces of the bench. 7 7 etc., the fuel hoppers of the furnaces 6. 8, 8, etc., the discharging doors of the vfurnaces 6. The furnaces 6 have three distinct sections which may be designated as the preheating chambers, 9, the gas generating chambers, 10, and the cooling chambers, 11.

12 is a movable coke hopper and chute into which the mixture of fuel and ash drawn from` the furnaces is received and from which it is gradually fed into the conveyer 13, which elevates the mixture to the screening devicer 14, from whichv the screened fuel passes to the bin 15.

16 is a bin lfor Astoring the raw coal used in the producer.

17 is a bin for the coal used in the retorts.

18 is a coal conveyer which is so constructed that it transports in turn both the fuel charge for the furnaces and that for the retorts.

72, 72, etc., are small lateral conveyers which receive the retort fuel from the conveyer 18 and transports it to the mouths of the retorts. l

19 isone of the air recuperators of a bed, while 20 is the heat interchanger of the same.

21 is a deluminator or scrubber in which the portion of the gas returned to the retorts is scrubbed with what is technically known as wash oil to absorb the illuminants from the gas. y

104 is an ammonia scrubber through which the gas passes after leaving the deluminator 21.

22 is the hydraulic main which receives the 'normal gas from the dry mains 23. There is, as shown, one dry main for each row of retorts.

24, 24, etc., are the valves on the dry mains.

25 is an auxiliary hydraulic main which receives the gas drawn off of the retorts during reversal through the dry mains 26 or 27 according to whether the tarry matters are drawn off in the volatilized or permanently gasiiied condition.

116 is the water evaporator.

The method of operating my apparatus is as followsz' In starting operations fuel beds are built up in the furnaces by any preferred method. By one method coarse screened cinder is first charged into the furnace chambers until the coolers 11 have been filled. Fires are then kindled in the furnaces, air being supplied by the blowers 28. To permit this, the pipes 29 connecting the inlets of the respective blowers. with the upper part of the preheaters of the respective furnaces are each provided with a branch, 30,

in communication with the atmosphere. By

means of valves 31 and 32 the blower is put in communication with the atmosphere while the connection to the top of the preheating chamber is cut olf. Air in excess is thus forced up through the cinder in the coolers fuel thereabove.

' Hue 37 ,which is separated rom 35 only by the comparatively thin sheet metal diaphragm 97 This, as shown, is built into the front wall of the producer. The ues and 37 are formed by off-setting a suicient number of bricks in corresponding vertical rows in the inner portion, 98, of the front wall of the producer. The metal sheet 97 is then set in place resting against the projecting bricks of 98, and extending a sufficient distance all around beyond` the flue space 35 to prevent a How of gas around its edges into flue 37. The outer portion, 99, of the front wall is then built at the same distance from the sheet 97 as is the face of 98. Bricks, corresponding in position to the projecting bricks of 98, are off-set from 99 against the sheet 97. Around the outer margin of 97, the wall 99 is built directly against the sheet 97 as is the wall 98. In the upper part of 97 an aperture is cut just the size of the gas inlet to 36 and corresponding to it in position when 36 is in place. l There are thus formed two vertical ilues,.35 and 37, which are in communication with each other only through the fan 36. Since the initial temperature of the gas entering 37 in normal operation will usually not be over 1500 F. and the character of the furnace gas will be reducing rather than oxidizing it is evi- -dent that either wrou ht iron, soft steel or cast iron may be use for constructing 97. While it is true that during direct combustion the gases are oxidizing in character to sheet iron, their iniiuence is not exerted for a suicient length of time to be materially injurious to 97. Should the sheet 97 for any reason burn out, a new one may be put in position by banking the furnace, temporarily permitting the gases generated therein to escape to the atmosphere through 30, shutting off communication between the furnace and 35 by closing the fines 33 by the tile dampers 100, operated through the openings 101, tearing down the portion of the wall 98 constituting the outer wall of flue 37 inserting a new diaphragm and'rebuilding theV wall. During the period of banking @the iues 41 and\41 should be closed by tiles 102 (accessible through openings 103) to prevent the indraft of cold air to the retort setting.

It is obvious that at the start of operations the gases will be subjected to a gradual cooling as they pass through the iues since the setting is cold and contains more or less moisture. The gases therefore reach the fan vat a lower temperature than that at which they enter the lower end 4ofiue 35. Dis- .chargmg from the periphery of vthe fan,

however, they are impelled down through the outer flue 37 and thus subjected to a reheat- 'ing' by thehotter gases'passing in the reverse direction through the flue 35. It isplain that a heat differential having once been established between the two streams of gas, will thereafter be maintained indefinitely as long .as no extraneous heating or cooling action is introduced. The amount of this heat differential will, in the absence of any extraneous iniuence, depend entirely upon the su ericial area and heat conducting power ofp the Walls of the lues and upon'the velocity of the draft. In any given case, however, within certain limits, should the vsize of the lues 35 and- 37 be too small the normal differential may be increased by admitting an appropriate cold gas into the inner flue 35, through the pipe 38 which is, in the construction shown, connected with the stack 39 of the recuperator 19, thus permitting the introduction of relatively cool combustion gasesinto the gas approaching the fan.` n The add1t1on of the cold gas, of course lowers the temperature of the gas mixture reaching the fan and thus establishes the required heat diiferential between the two currents. In this case, the differential is furtherk increased as the gas fiows back through 37 by the increased heat capacity of the return current due to the volume of gas added. There is obviously no actual loss of heat from the gas (save the small loss to the setting) but simply a transfer of heat from the current `approaching the fan vtothe current discharging from thefan. By this device, therefore, I am ableto move hot gases with ordinary fan blowers without any sacrifice of the heat of the gas. This invention, however, I do not specifically claim herein, it forming part of the matter of another application.

From the flue 37 the 'combustion gases pass through the collecting flue 40 to the side iues 41 .and 41. From 41 and 41 the gases iowinto the transverse Hue and thence distribute themselvesl to the three combustion flues 43, 43, 43 through the ports 42. Flowing back through the iiues 43 in contact with the walls of the retorts and setting the gases pass around the end of the horizontal baffles 106 in the ilues 43 and thence forward through the flues 43 tothe front of the retort oven. -Passing up over the ends of the horizontal baffles 106 the gases pass back again through the ilues 43 to the rear of the retort chamber, thence around the ends of the uppermost baiviies 106" through the flues 43 to the front of the retortoven, where they leave the ovenA through the gas olf-takes 44, whichcommunicate with the cross-flue 45. From 4 5 the combustion gases pass through the iues 112 and 112 to,

respectively, the combustionI gas iiues 46 andl iso 46 of the respective recuperators 19 and 19', l through these, finally discharging through the stacks 39 to lthe atmosphere. l

`When the settings have been sufficiently dried out and heated, the apparatus is 1n shape to brinff up to normal operating conditions. The hres in the furnaces are gradually increased in depth, the character` of the gas changing gradually to a combustible gas containing carbon noxid. When this 'stage'has been reache the air dampers 48 connections establish communication be- Amanipulation of the dampers.

tween the i'lues 50 and 50vand the cross-Hue 109, the distributionl of the air between the flues 109 and 109 may be regulated at will.

Operating rods 114 and 114', connected with 110 and 110 respectively, permit of the Since the walls of these lues 43 have been previously raised to the temperature of ignition of the combustible constituents of the furnace gas by the direct firing, thecombustible constituents of the gas issuing from theports 42 are burned by the air entering from 51. When the fuel bed has been built up above the primary current inlet- 52, the remaining fuel required to fill the preheatlng chamber may be rapidly charged. The blowers 28 are now connected with the upper part of chamber 9 by shutting valves 32 and opening valves31. A portion ofthe gases generated in the furnace 6 are now drawn by the blower 28 of each bed up through the fuel occupying the preheating chamber 9 of the furnace 6, whereby the said portion of the gases is cooled and the said fuel preheated. The portion ofthe jfuel in the lowerpart of 9, when the charge contains .bituminous coal, is carbonized, the distilled gases passing up with the stream of gases diverted from 10.

In passing through the fuel in the lower part of 9 any CO2 or H2O that may be in the diverted current is subjected in greater or less degree to reaction with the carbon of the incandescent fuel, thereby forming combustible gas.v .n

The cooled gas mixture is drawn off from 9 through the pipe 29 and thence forced through the pipe 29 into the lower .part of cooler 11. Passing up through the fuel mass in 11, which has been subjected to partial combustion'in the gas making zone 10, and therefore contains' more or less ash, the gases introduced into 11 take up the sensible heat of the fuel mass, 'at the same time cooling the latter. By properly proportioning the volume of .the gas introduced into 11 to the rate at which the solid material is withdrawn from 11 through the discharging door 8 the fuel and ash mixture may be thoroughly cooled before it has reached the discharging door 8. The heated gas passes upward through the fuel in the gas generating chamber 10 and joins the main draft current of the furnace.

At the same time that the pipe 29 is connected with the preheater 9, the speed of the fan 36 is increased and the various dampers i set to provide the furnace with its normal primary draft. This, under normal working conditions, is composed of either partially burned gases drawn off from the lues 43', gases of complete combustion drawn off from the fiues 43 or of any mixture of the two required to regulate the working of lthe furnace.

In normal working, the furnace gas is not burned completely in the lower combustion flues 43, but the air admitted to the flues 43 from the nostrils 51 is restricted to that required to develop the quantity of heat which is demanded to maintain the proper temperature in the sections of the retorts in iues 43 and 43. The balance of the secondary air that is required to secure complete combustion of the furnace gas is admitted by opening the air dampers 110 and 110 by means of the operating rods 114 and 114, respectively. A portion of the heated secondary air now flows through the short connections 113 and 113 to the upper crossflue 109', thence through the air. nostrils 51 into the partially burned gas which is flowing through the flues 43 to the rear of the bench. Enough air is always introduced through the nostrils 51 to insure the complete combustion of any unburned constituents remaining in the gases by the time they have reached the flues 43". Since the inductive effect exerted upon the draft current in the combustion flues of the retort oven, by the stacks 39 and the fans 36, is greater in the flues 43 than in the lowest combustion flues 43 the air will tend to flow from 50 and 50 through the connecting flues and the nostrils 51 in preference to the nostrils 51. It is therefore only necessary to regulate the draft through the connections 113 and 113 by means of dampers 110 and 110 and the main air dampers 48 and 48 to secure complete control of the distribution of the air between 51 and 51.

By" means of the dampers 110, 110 this distribuing a portion of the partially burned gas flowing through 43 throughd the nostrilsl 55 into the cross-ilue 85 and thence-through the flues 84 and 84 to the primary inlet flue 56 which' discharges into the space 52 abovechamber'lO above the surface ofthe fuel,

. and

thence'the larger portion passes doWnand across the column of fuel in 10, emerging into the space 57 above the free surface of` the fuel and pass through the gas off-takes 33 to the heat interchanger 20, as alreadyv explained. p

Both the portion of the primary current drawn off from'43 and the portion drawn off from the flue 45 are at a comparatively' high temperaturefrom 2200 to 2500 F. While the initial temperature of the primary current is somewhat-A reduced by the vtime itreaches the furnace, still it should enter the fuel bed in the latter at a temperature above 2000o F.,and usually at about 2200 F. In passingthrough the fuel bed in 10, more or less of the carbon dioxid of the primary 'draft and the water vapor carried by it react with thecarbon of the fuel to form carbon monoxid and hydrogen according to the reactions Both of these reactions absorb a large amount of heat, which is supplied by the sensible heat carried by the primary current at its entrance into the fuel bed, and sometimes by a portion of the sensible heat of the fuel itself. Since, by my method of combustion, the .Water vapor present in the gases is almost exclusively that derived from the air and fuel, its action in the furnace isunimportant. We only need, therefore, to consider the action of the carbon dioxid.

This reacts energetically With the carbon of.

the -fuel at temperatures approximating 18000 F. and above, butless rapidly as the temperature falls. There is more or less reaction takes place even down to 1300". It is evident, therefore, that by regulating the quantity of CO2 carried into the furnace andthe quantity of heat accompanying the COZ by regulating the draw of gases from 43" and 45, respectively, I am able to maintain the fuel bed in the chamber 10 of furnace 6 at any temperature desired within theworking range.

In order to secure 'complete combustion of the gases in the combustion` iiues, it is neces-A sary to introduce a slight excess of air into thev fluesfrom the nostrils 51. `The portion of the primary draft drawn oif from 45,

portion of free oxygen. This, vof course, urns a corresponding quantity of fuelin 10 to form CO,v with the generation of heat which helps ,to support the reduction of the accompanying CO2. Under normal workingI conditions, however,' this excess of air is cpt as low as possible. This portion of the draft current, therefore, has a strong net endothermic or h t-absorbin effect. The portion of the pr ary d ra with- -draWn-from 43', on the other hand, carries under normall conditions morethan enough sensible heat to dissociate its own CO2 by reaction a andhas thus a n et exothermic `therefore','will usuallyA contain a small proor heating effect on the fuel bed. By varyi ing the actual-volume of the primaryv cnrrent and" .properly `proportioning the two separate streams of'gas making up the saine I amable vto control the temperature of the fuel'bed in 10 and also the 'quantity of combustible gas generated. The volume of the, gases drawn through the fuel bed is, ofv

course, controlled by the speed of thefan 36 and the various dampers on'the several conduits.` This also serves .to control the proportion of the CO2 of the primary draft which is dissociated, since by varying the volume of' the primary draft I vary the speed at which the gases pass through the fuel bed and therefore the time they vare in contact with the hot fuel.

Contrary to thepractice producer firing, I -do not aiin'to dissociate the maximum possible proportion of the ACO2 of thedraft current in the furnace. 'On the contrary, in normal Working the gasesare circulated through the fuel at such a velocity that the dissociation is usually less than 50% of the total CO2 that passes through the. fuel. I am thus able to easily maintain the temperature of the fuel at a point that insures its Vmaintenance in an active gasmaking condition by `the sensible; heat introduced Iby the large .volume of gasesl passing 'through it. My combustion process may therefore 4be comprehensively described as the maintenanceof a continuous circulation of gases from the furnace to the retort oven and back again to the furnace-the return circulation to the furnace -consisting of a balanced stream of completely and incompletely burned' gases. A volume of completely burned gases corresponding to the airintroduced. `into the combustion iiues of the retort oven is continuously rejected from the circulation and sent through the air recuperator. By thus circulating a 13 large volume of gases at high velocity throu h the vcombustion ues andthe fuel bed o the furnace, as well as by distributing the. combustion -through theiues, I am able vto secure the yproper heating of .the retorts without the-necessity of mamtainlng an excessively high temperature in the combustion flues, since, asis well known, the velocity of vheat transmission through the retorts :varies with the velocity of thev heating gases along the walls. No increased loss of heat in the rejected gases 1s occasioned, since the volume rejected from the circulation corresponds to the volume of air used and the twov currentsyin the recuperators arel thus about balanced in their thermal capacities.

The above described method of combustion I doA not; claim herein specifically, but claim it specifically in a separate applica'- tion. s The `minor subdivision of the furnace gases passes up through the furnace shaft in contact with the fresh fuel in chamber 10. It is thus cooled while the fuel is at the same time heatedl--that in the lower party of 9 being carbonized. In` passing through the short column of carbonized fuel more or less of the reactive constituents of the minor subdivision of the primary current suffer dissociation. The gas passing through 10 therefore contains some CO as Well as the volatile matters distilled from the coal. These latter are vcondensed by the cold fuel in the upper part of 9, being yabsorbed by the coke forming a large proportion of the charge and again carried ydown into the hot zone of the furnace. They are gradually evolved from the'pores of the coke in contact with the hot coke and are more or less broken down into permanently gaseous compounds. A portion of this volatile matter may bey again volatilized to be again condensed and carried down.

This operation being repeated continuously until all the Volatile matter is finallyl converted into non-condensable gases. The mixed gases are drawn off from 9 through the pipe 29 and forced by blower 28 into ythe bottom of the furnace.

Being comparatively cold, they take lup theheat of the fuel and ash in 11, quenching the fuel and cooling the mass. I aim to cool in 9 and introduce into 11 just the volume of gas required to quench and cool the fuel. Sinceat least about one-half of the charge consists of raw coal, it is obvious that' the weight of material withdrawn from 11 will be much less than that charged into 9, for, besides the fuel burned, there isa diminution in weight due to the volatile matter and moisture driven off from the coal. The heat capacity required in the gas used for cooling the material in 11 will therefore always be less than that of the fuel chargedin the same period of time.. For this reason, suiicient cool gas to quench the material withdrawn l ing apparatus 14. The mixture of fuel and ash is dumped into the hop er 59,and passes from this onto the grizz y or perforated screen 60. 60 is constructed with narrow apertures or slots of a width of not more than say i inch. Air. under a slight pressure enters the blast box 61 beneath the I grizzly from the pipe 62. The air passing at high velocity through the grizzly, and the material passin over it, takes up the fine ash and carries 1t over into the ash pipe 63. The coarser particles of the ash, too heavy to be taken up by the air but fine enough to pass through 60, fall into the blast box 61 and are discharged from 61 at intervals by opening the gate 64. The two ash streams are conveyed away through 63 to a dump or directly to cars. The screened coke discharges from 60 through the chute 65 into the bin 15. The bin 16 receives the raw coal which forms part of the charge for the furnace and which is delivered into 16 by the elevator 66. From the bins 15 and 16 the proper proportions ofcoked and raw coal are discharged onto the conveyer 18 and transported to the furnaces. The conveyer 18 as shown is usually like an ordinary belt conveyer. The side wall of the conveyer (67) is provided with discharge openings 69 which are ordinarily closed by gates. These discharge openings are providedexternally with short chutes, 70, so located as to discharge directly into the fuel hoppers 7 of the producers. When it is desired to ll the fuel hopper of any particular producer the gate 69 above that hopper is opened, the dam 71 inserted in the conveyer chute above the belt and the conveyer started. When the fuel arrives at 69 the dam 71 diverts it into the chute 70 from which it falls into the fuel hopper 7 of that particular producer. When this is charged the gate 69 is ythe coal through 7 3 and onto one of the conveyers 72. By setting the dams 71 at successively greater depths, several or all of the lateral conveyers may be used at the samev time, as in this case the successive dams up to the last simply scrape each a shallow. layer of coal from the conveyer 18.

From 72 the coal is discharged into the open mouth-pieces of the retorts through arperature the system is 1n proper condition for establishing the normal circulation of the gas currents. Part of the cold coke or carbonized fuel in 3 is drawn, a corresponding volume of coal or other fuel descending from 2 into 1 and of hot carbonized fuel from 1 into 3 and the preheating chamber 2 is again charged with fresh fuel.

The height of the preheating chamber 2 will depend directly upon the rate of descent of the fuel mass on the onehand and the velocity of the heat-carrying gases on the other. It is advantageous to have the preheating chamber of a height of from 5 to'10 feet, although this dimension may be varied more or less according to circumstances. The same statement holds true in the case of the cooling chambers 3, although the capacity of the coolers should generally be greater than that of preheating chambers 2.

The gas evolved from the fuel during the carbonizing operation inthe retorts is drawn ofi from the retorts through the Venturi throats 82 and connections 53 from the mouthpieces 54: to the dry mains 23 and passes thence through the conduit 22 which may be a hydraulic main as sho-wn) and the conduit 115 to the evaporator 116. This is simply a tubular vessel with apparatus for contnuouslydistributing aA thin film of water to each of the tubes 117. In the drawings this is accomplished by af/sh/o/rtY sheet metal nipple 118, slightly belled and notched at its lower extremity so as to be held in the tube by the spring of the bell-shaped portion and at the same time permit the discharge of the Water through the notched periphery of the belled portion in a multitude of small streams which quickly converge to form a lrn on thefinner surface of the tubes. The nipplesr118; as shown, project above the upper tube sheet 119 of the evaporator 116. Water is supplied above 'the upper tube sheet at such a rate that there is maintained a small head of water upon the annular discharge openings 120 between the walls of the tubes and the nipples. The water should be supplied only at that rate at which it will discharge through the passages 120 `so that it will not flow over the tops of the nipples. The gas from the conduit 115 enters the lower part of the intertubular space 121 of the evaporator and ascends through the same.` in contact with .the tubes. The heat of the gas isl thus transmitted through the walls of the tubes to evaporate the water flowing down the inner walls of the tubes. The temperature of the gas in flowing through 116 is reduced to such an extent that the water vapor and easily condensable hydrocarbon vapors such as benzol Awhich itcarries will be condensed separated from the Water of the condensed liquid in the customaryv way by fractional distillation. The vcooled gas discharges from 116 through the' conduit 123 and lows--to the exhauster 75. After passing the gas divides into two streams-'one stream passing to ordinary scrubbers and purifiers, while the other stream flows to the deluminator 21 through the connection 124., In

lthis it is scrubbed with a liquid commonly known as wash-oil inthe art which willabsorb illuminants such 'as benzol, ethane,`

Froml 21 this stream of the ethylene, etc. gas passes through the-ammonia scrubber 104. in which the ammonia is scrubbed out, and then flows back through the conduit 76 to the space 125 of evaporator 116 above the upper tube sheet 119. From 125 the gas flows .through thetubes 117 in contact with the water flowing down the same, and is somewhat heated by the water. This gas serves to diminish the tension of the water vapor and so permits the waterto evaporate below its normal boiling temperature. The surplus water is returned to the space 125 by the circulating pump 126 through the connections shown. While I do not restrict myself to this method of operation, I deem it advantageous to discharge the gas from 116 practically saturated with water vapor. Instead, however, I may either restrict the evaporation by limitingthe quantity of water to that which I desire to evaporate or else by so increasing the quantity of water that its capacity for sensible heat below the evaporating temperature will be increased to the point which will leave available forv evaporation only the quantity of heat corresponding to the latent heat of the quantity of water vapor which it is desired to form. If preferred, I may by-pass the deluminated gas around the evaporator 116 through the by-pass 127 so that the cooling ofthe coke may be 'performed entirely by the deluminated gas.

The current of deluminated gas, either with or without the admiXture of Water -vapor,' iiows back through the pipe 76 to the main77, from which the gaseous mixture is distributed to the dry mains 78, 78, etc.,which run along each row of retorts and are respectively connected to the lower portion of the cooler of each retort of the row with which they coperate by the connecting and drawn ofi through the sealed discharge pipe 122. The hydrocarbons may then be y larly, by means of the Venturi meters 82 and valves 83 on the off-take connections 53 at the top of the retorts I am able to secure an approximately uniform 4draw of gas from the retorts irrespective of normal differences in the resistance to the blast offered 'by the charges 1n the several retorts.

I therefore aim to control the draw from the retorts by carrying the hydraulic ymain 22 kunder aV sufficiently high vacuum to overcome the resistance to the draft offered by the most closely packed retort and regulate .the draw on the other retorts by the flow of gas deduced from thek indications of the The cold delumina'ted gas or deluminated gas and 'water vapor enteringthe bottoms of the retorts ascends through the material occupying the coolers, quenching and cooling this material and is itself heated. In normal working, the material occupying the coolers will, of course, be the coke residue from the coal carbonized in the upper zones of the retorts. The volume of cold deluminated gas returned to the retorts should be such that the descending stream of coke and the ascending stream of gas will be approximately balanced in their respective thermal capacities. With this condition established, the coke will discharge from the retorts at nearly the `temperature of the kcold gas, while the gas will, in turn, enter the carbonvizing region of the retorts at approximately the temperature of the hot coke discharging from the same, or in other words, at about the temperature of carbonization. The returned gas in the carbonizing zone mingles with the gases and vapors evolved from the coal and the mixture Vand passes upward into .the pre-heaters at approximately the temperature of the partially coked coal in the 'upper part of the carbonizing zone. Since the maximum temperature to which the coal is exposed in the carbonizing zone is somewhat above 2000 F., the temperature in theupper part of the zone will usually be close to 1500 F. -The upwardly owing gas at approximately this latter temperature will therefore extend the carbonizing action into the preheating chambers at the expense of its sensible heat, since carbonization proceeds with considerable freedom even at a temperature as low as 750 F. The bulk of the easily condensable volatile'matter will therefore be driven o the returned gas in reinforcing the action of the distillation gases as carriers of heat to the fresh fuel is an important function of the gas introduced into the coolers of the retorts.

The condensable vapors evolved in the carbonization will be taken up by the ascending stream of gas and therefore pass in contact with the cold fuel occupying the upper ,portion of the preheaters. The tarry matter evolved in the distillation will therefore be deposited upon the coal occupying f the upper part of the preheaters. The heat capacity of the combined gaseous stream is' usually greater than that of the coal charged, since, in order to cool the coke, the gas stream introduced at the bottom should itself have a heat carrying capacity of at least per cent. of that of the coal. This is because in poor gas coals the coke secured will usually run as high as 70 per cent. of the original coal distilled. Since there is not much difference between the specific heats of the coke and coal, and, moreover, the temperature from which it is necessary to cool the coke is higher than the temperature to which the coal is usually heated in the preheating chamber, it is obvious that in this case at least 7 O per cent. of the practical heat absorbing power of the fresh coal will be required to cool the hot gases from the cooling chambers. When we add to this the heat of the distillation gases the combined gaseous streams will nearly always have a heat-carrying capacity in excess of that of the fresh coal. The result of this is that the gases withdrawn at the top of the preheating chambers 2 will usually be at a temperature above 212 F. They will therefore carry out of the retorts practically the whole of the water vapor and the benzoland allied compounds. On the other hand, the temperature of the gases drawn off will usually not be much over 300' F. and therefore nearly all of the ordinary tarforming constituents of the gas will be condensed on the coal/in the preheaters. The preheaters therefore fulfil to a large extent the function of'condensers andthe gas may usually be passed directly to the purifying system without further cooling.

It is manifest that there will be a gradual accumulation of tar in the 'fuel in the preheater, since all of the condensed liquid that finds its way down through the charge from the point of condensation will encounter a region having a temperature sufliciently high to revaporize it, when it will be again returned to the l region of condensation. Unless, special `precautions are taken to maaoaa handle the deposited tar therefore, it will interfere seriously with the operation of the retorts by clog ing the draft.

To dispose o the tar, I adopt the following method of operation: Whenthe deposit has accumulated to an objectional extent in any row of retorts, the valve 24connecting the dry main 23 of this row with its hydraulic main 22 is closed, the valves 86 -and 87 or86 and 88 opened and the valve 89 on the deluminatedl gas main 78 serving that particular set of retorts closed. Deluminated gas or deluminated gas and Water vapor, as the case may be, under the pressure of the discharge side of exhauster 75 now flows from 76 through the ipe 90 and deluminated gas main 91 to the diy main'23 of this particular row of retorts and thence through the connections 58 and 82 into the heaters free of tar,

mouth-pieces 54 of the retorts, blowing the fuel column in the upper part of the prewhich is carried down into contact with the moderately hot partially coked coal in the lower part of 2, whereby it is again converted giving vapors y and gases. If the valve 87 on the dry main 26 has been opened the gas, mixed with some of the vapors from the tar passes out lfrom the retort through the connections 93 from the upper part of the carbonizing chambers 1 to the dry main 26, thence vto `the hydraulic main 25, from which it -is drawn by the exhauster 94, and from this to some form of condensing apparatus 127. If instead of opening 87 the valve 88 has been opened the gas bearing the revaporized tar 1s carried downthrough the highly 'heated coke, which in normal running fills the carbonizing chamber 1, whereby'the tarry vapors are cracked down into permanently gaseous hydrocarbons, carbon and hydrogen. The resulting gaseous mixture passes, in this case, through the connections 95 to the appropriate dry `main 27 and thence to the hydraulic main 25, following from this the same course as the other stream of gas, just described. Another important function of the reversal of vthe gas current is the prevention of an undue ascension of the hotter region in the preheaters 2f of the retorts. The returned gas being' comparatively cold during its reversed iiow cools down the coke in the preheaters 2 and thus tends to drive down the isotherms` of the retorts. By regulating the volume of gas returned during the reversals, therefore, I am able to control and regulate the temperature gradient iny the preheating chambers 2 to any desired extent.

With average coal and normal working conditions a reversal of the direction of gas flow for about one-fifth of the carbonizing period will usually suiiice to keep' the fuel clear for the free passage of gas. I prefer to reverse for about one minute out of every lfive or six.

When preferred, however,

both the duration of and interval between reversals will vary with the'quality of the coal used, the temperature carried in the retorts, thelweight of coal carbonized in unit time, and other minor conditions. Y

It is obvious that by drawing off the gas from the retorts during reversals at selected levels I can secure a fractionating of the tar. This process, however, I do not claim herein but will claim in a searate application.

Thecoke discharge from the chambers 3, 3, etc., being at practically atmospheric temperature, offers no obstacles to conveyance. I refer to use the system of operation .wlth frequent draws of coke of small quantities each. I may collect the It is, of course, obvious that,

coke drawn from each row of retorts in a provided with a disand movmg the car into the permit the coke to graduallydischarge onto the conveyer 13, when that is. not being used to convey the furnace coke and ash, and so carry it to pockets or hea s.

In the operation of my apparatus, while this is not obligatory, I prefer to use the system of frequent small charges and draws, thus approaching to continuous operation. the charging and drawing may be performed at longer intervals and on correspondingly larger quantities of material. No larger quantity of coke should ever be drawn, however, than that corresponding to the capacity of"'the carbonizing chamber.

Instead of working intermittently as described, the operation of the retorts may be` made absolutely continuous. Indeed, the fact that I remove the coke from the coolers in a cold state and that the fresh fuel is charged into a comparatively cold chamber makes my invention better adapted to continuous working than any other system of carbonization of which I have knowledge. To adapt myI apparatus for continuous working it is only necessary to use mouth.- pieces provided with a suitable apparatus, not shown in order to obviate complexity of illustration, which will continuously withdraw the coke at the bottom and continuously charge raw fuel at the top. u

An important feature of my invention is that instead of redistilling the-tar formed lproduction of a dense coke, however, is the height of the charge column. Owing to the.

-lpared with the height-of the column in ordinary vertical retorts,.the coal in the carbonizing zone is subjected to comparatively high pressure. This prevents the assumption lby the coke ofthe light scoriaceousA *structure common in ordinary gas-house coke. By the combination of the two fac torsmentioned I am able to produce a coke 'comparable in hardness 'and denslty to that produced in bee-hive ovens and admirably adaptedy to metallurgical use.

An additional improvement'ln my method of carbonization that improves the quahty of the coke in reference to size is the method of heating the retorts from two opposlte sides only. To adapt the apparatus for carryin "out this feature of my process 1t is best to construct the retorts with one her1- zontal dimension much longer than the other,the retorts being set in the'oven wlth the Wider faces of the walls parallel to the combustion flues. By this arrangement the coking.l proceeds simultaneously. from the two sides towardthe middle, since the heating ofthe end Walls of the retorts 1s slower owing to the fact that'what heat they receive must be `by conduction through the thick brick fillings lbetween the retorts. The lines of fracture produced by the shrinkage of the coke during its setting, if that term may properly be used, therefore run across the fuel column from one heating face to the other. When the retorts `are heated approximately equally on all four sides, on the contrary, there are lines of fracture run ning Vvbetween each two faces. These two sets of fractures necessarily intersect and thus divide the coke into fragments which usually show more or less uniformity in their cross dimensions. In this embodiment of my method, on the contrary, the coke tends to form into large roughly prismatic pieces `having a long dimension equal to half of the distance between the heating faces ofthe retorts. This quality of the coke is lvery ,advantageous from a commercial standpoint. Y

It should be noted that by taking up the heat of the coke in the gas introduced at the bottom of the cooler and then passing the j heated gas in contactwith'the cold fuel to heat the same I am in efl'ectdirectly transferring the heat of the coke to the raw fuel since the mixture of the heated gas with the distillation' gas does not materially affect the heat carried by the former. ,It is true Vthat .the heated gas from the cooler does notreach the preheating chamber at quite the temperature at which it leaves the cooler since the temperature in the upper part of .1 the carbonizing Zone is somewhat lower than the `temperature in the lowerpart thereof owing to the `greateramounty of distillation that is taking place thereL 'The heat abstracted from this stream of gas, however, is applied to the heating of the fuel. It therefore does not matter from the process point of view whether the heat transfer in question actually takes place in the preheating chamber or the carbonizing chamber. The practical result of the operation is that the coke is not only quenched but that its heat, in excess of the initial temperatureof the cooling gas, is wholly transferred, either directly orV indirectly, through the fuel to be carbonized to the carbonizing region of the retorts.

Another important feature of my invention is the maintenance of the fuel column in a condition that will permit of the free *and ready penetration of the gas current as a result of the periodical reversal of flow described. The free passage of the gas is liable to be obstructed in two ways. First, the deposited tar in the column of raw fuel tends to fill up the interstices of the charge, reducing the area free for the passage of the gases; second, that part of the charge column which is in the immediate stage of 'carbonization tends to become pasty, the fragments exhibiting a tendency to agglomerato to form a diaphragm across the charge column not easily penetrated by the blast. This diaphragm in a vertical retort takes the shape of an inverted cone, thus tending to force the gases evolved below it to the hot walls'of the retort. This results in the cracking down of a serious proportion of the heavy hydrocarbons of this gas current, with a resulting diminution of the illuminating power ofthe gas and a deposition of a shell of carbon around the inner walls of the retort. Now, during the normal flow of gas the pressure inducing iiow is simply that corresponding .to the vacuum in the hydraulic main 22. In ordinary working this is maintainedfas low as possible in order to reduce to a minimum the infiltration of air. During-reversal, on the other hand, the reversed gas is flowing under the induction of the vacuum in the hydraulic main and the positive pressure of the exhauster 75. Besides, the reversed current is flowing into the interior of the conical diaphragm which acts to throw the draft to the axis of the retort. The result of these two influences is that the reversed current tends to force its way through the interior of the charge column, perforating the pasty diaphragm in a suilicient number of places to permit of its ready passage. Besides, the reversed current now having the direction of the natural gravity flow of the tarry liquid readily blows this out of the interstices of the fuel column in the preheating chamber and bears it down into the hotter regions of the retort where it is vaporized again. When the normal flow of gas has been restored, therefore,

the fuel column is in a condition to permit of the free upward flow of the gas through its interior, until the above-described obstructions have again formed, when the current is again reversed.'

It is to be understood that my invention is applicable to the carbonization of any carbonaceous material containing bituminous matter, and is not limited to use with gas or coking coals.

The method of conducting the combustion of the fuel in the furnaces and of heating the retorts I do not claim herein but claim specifically in another application.

What I claim is:

1. In the manufacture of gas and coke the c process which comprises, advancing a bod)T of fuel containing 'hydrogenous matter through a relatively long conduit externally heated at a mid-zone and having relatively long unheated extensions on each side of said zone, gases being removed from a point near the end of the extension toward the charging end of the conduit, whereby volatile hydrocarbons of said gases are condensed on the latest charged fuel in the charging end of said conduit.

2. In the manufacture of gas and coke the process which comprises, advancing a column of fuel containing hydrogenous matter through a relatively long conduit having an intermediate externally heated localized coking zone of coking temperature, an unheated charging end and a gas withdrawingport near the charging end, removing gases from said gas-withdrawing ports, whereby gases from said coking zone are -contacted with relatively cool uncoked fuel, and reinforcing the volume of gases passing from said coking zone to said port by the introduction of gases from without the conduit.

3. In the manufacture of coke and gas, the process which comprises producing a relatively long advancing column or prism of coal and coke having a relatively hot externally-heated midportion or zone and relatively cool ends, withdrawing distillation gases at the charging end, whereby said gases are contacted with the relatively cool charging end of said advancing column to condense -volatile hydrocarbons from said gases, diverting a portion of such distilla-v tion gases, cooling and deluminating said portion and returning into contact with the coke at the withdrawall end to cool said coke.

4. In the manufacture of coke and gas, the process which comprises producing a relatively long advancing column or prism of coal and coke having a relatively hot externally-heated midportion or zone and relatively cool ends, withdrawing distillation gases at the charging end, diverting a p ortion of such distillation gases, deluminati'ng such portion by contacting the same with an absorbent for illuminating constituents and cooling, Vand returning into contact with the coke at the withdrawal end to cool said coke.

5. In the manufacture vof gas and coke,-

the 4process which comprises coking coal in a moving column in a relatively long conduit having an externally heated zone or section of localized heat suficient for coking, pas'sing a current of gases through the material toward the charging end of the conduit and withdrawing gas at such charging end in contact with the unheated coal in the char 'png end of said column, the length of con uit, speed of movement 0f said column and passage of gases being so correlated that the temperature of the withdrawn gas is maintained at a desired point where the undesired higher-boiling body or bodies will tend to remain behind in the fuel.

6. In the manufacture of gas and coke, the process which comprises coking Vcoal in a moving column'in a relatively long conduit having an externally heated zone or section of localized heat suiiicient for coking, passing a current of gases through the material toward the charging end of the conduit and withdrawing gas at such charging endin contact with the unheated coal in the charging end of said column, the length of conduit, speed of movement of said column and passage 'of gases being so correlated that the such charging end in contact with the' relatively cool coal in the charging end of said column, the length of conduit, speed of movement of said column and passage of gases being so correlated that the temperature of the withdrawn gas is maintained at a desired point where an undesired higher-boiling body or bodies will tend to remain behind in the fuel.

4 8. In the manufacture of gas and coke, the process which comprises coking coal in a moving column in a relatively long conduit havingan externally heated zone or section of localized heat ysuflicient for coking, passing a gas current comprising gases introduced from a point without said conduit through the material toward the charging end of the conduit and withdrawing gas at such charging end in contact with the relatively cool coal in the charging end of said column, the length of conduit, speed of movement of said column and passage of gases being so correlated that the temperature of the withdrawn as is maintained at above 212 FL 'and be ow 300 F.

9. lIn the manufacture of 'gas and cok'e, the process which comprises coking coal 1 n a moving column in a relatively long condult ,having an externally heated zoneor section Vof localized heat suflicient for coking, pass ing a ascurrent comprising gases introduced rom a Vpoint without said conduit throu h the material toward the charglng end o the conduit and withdrawlng gas at a such charging end, the length of conduit,

l* speed of movement of said column and passage of gases being `so correlated that arelatively slowly `falling temperature gradient 'terminating above the dew point of the withdrawn gas but below the boiling temperature of pitch at the charging end is maintained in the said gas current.

10. In the manufacture of gas and coke,

theprocess which comprises coking coal in a moving column in a relatlvely long conduit having an externally heated zone or section of localized heat suicientfor coking, .passing a gas current comprising gases introduced from a point without said condult through the material toward the charging Vtheprocess which comprises coking coal in a moving column in arelatively long conduit having an externally heated zone or section of localized heat sufficient kfor coking, passv ing ra gas current comprising` gases introduced from a point without said conduit through the material toward the charging end ofthe conduit and withdrawing gas at such charging end, the' length of conduit, s'peed of movement kof coal and passage of gases being so correlated that a falling temperature gradient terminating at a temperature above the dew point of the effluent gas but below the boiling temperature of pitch l above 212 F. at the charging end is main- Vboiling bodies tained in the said gasfcurrent, and alterf nately rwith-drawing gas from a relatively cool point in said gradient till the hotter coal therebeyond becomes charged with high-v boilin'g bodies and then withdrawing gas from a relatively hotter point till such highare removed to a desired extent.

12. In the manufacture of gas and coke, the process which comprises advancing fuel in ra comparatively long column or prism through a conduit having a localized midzone or section maintained at a high or coking heat by externally heatin the same and withdrawin gases at the fue charging end of said con uit, the length of said conduit between said zone and said charging'end, the s eed of transit of the advancing fuel and t 1e amount of such gases so withdrawn vbeing so correlated as to produce a gradual increase in the temperature of the fuel as it advances toward said zone and a gradual diminution in the temperature of the gases advancing toward said fuel-charging end to a temperature at which tar will be deposited upon n the advancing fuel .wherebyI 'the withdrawn gases will be discharged comparativelyfree of tar. l

13. In the manufacture of as vand coke, the process which comprises, a vancing fuel in a rcomparatively long column` or prism through a conduit having a localized midzone or section maintained at a high or coking heat by externally heating the same, the length of said conduit between. the

charging end and they said zone being that' required to insurer suiicient contact between the charge and effluent gases to cool the latter to the desired degree, and withdrawing gases at the fuel charging end of said conduit, the length of said conduit between said zone and the amount of such gases so withdrawn being so correlated as to produce a gradual increase in the' temperature of the `fuel as it advances toward said zone and a gradual diminution in the temperature of the gases advancing toward said fuel charging end toa temperature at which tar of said gases will be deposited upon the advancing fuel, whereby the withdrawn gases will be discharged comparatively free of tar.

14. The step in the process of carbonizing fuel in externally heated retorts which comprises, transferring the major part of the sensible heat of the coked fuel to the fuel Vundergoing carbonization by contacting iirst with the said coke and then with the said carbonizing fuel a stream of gas substantially saturated withwater vapor before Contact with said colte, whereby the said stream of mixedgas and water vapor takes up the maj orpart'of the sensible heat of the said coke and then yields up the same to the carbonizing fuel. Y

15. The step in the process of carbonizing fuel in externally heated retorts which comprises, transferring the major part of the `sensible heat of the coked fuel to the fuel undergoing carbonization by contacting first with the said coke and then with the said carbonizing fuel a portion of the gas generated by the carbonization of the said fuel, the said gas having been subjected to cooling and scrubbing by illuminant-absorbents to remove illuminants before being contacted with the said coke, whereby the major part of the sensible heat of the said coke is taken up by the said gas and then given up to the fuel undergoing carbonization.

16. The process of carbonizing fuel in an externally heated conduit which comprises,

bonization, whereby the major part of the heat of the coked fuel is taken up by the said gaseous mixture and yielded up again to the said fuel in process of carbonization.

17. The step in the carbonization of fuel in an externally heated conduit Whichl comprises, `transferring the major part of the sensible heat of the coked fuel to the fuel undergoing carbonization by contacting first with thesaid coke and then lwith the said carbonizing fuel a stream of gas substantially saturated with water vapor before beingcontacted with said coke, the volume of the said gaseous stream'being so proportioned to the heat of the said coke that the said coke will be cooled down to approximately the initial temperature of the said gaseous mixture, whereby-the said stream of mixed gas and Water vapor takes up the major part of the sensible heat of the said coke and then yields up the same to the carbonizing fuel. l

18. The step in the process of carbonizing fuel in an externally heated conduit which comprises, transferring the major part of the sensible heat ofthe coked fuel to the fuel undergoing carbonization by contacting first with the said coke and then with the carbonizing fuel a portion of the gas generated by the carbonization of the said fuel, the said gas having been subjected to cooling and scrubbing by illuminant-absorbents vto remove illuminants before being contacted with the said "coke, and its volume so regulated that the heat carrying capacity of the said gas will be suiiicient to take up the sensible heat of the said coke, whereby the major part of the sensible heat of the said coke is taken up by the said gas and then given up to the fuel undergoing carbonization.

19. The process of carbonizing fuel in an externally heated conduit which comprises, 'evaporating Water by the heat of the gases Withdrawn from the carbonizing apparatus, mixing with the water vapor so-formed `a portion of the saidV gases, thev combined volume of the saidportion of the gases and thewater vapor being so proportioned to the sensible heat of the coke produced in the carbonization that the heat carrying capacity of the said gaseous mixture will be approximately equal to the sensible heat held by the said coke,.contacting the said gaseous mixture first with the said coke and then with the said carbonzing fuel, whereby the major part of the heat of the said coke isl taken up by the said gaseous mixture and then -yielded up again to the carbonizing fuel. l

20. In the continuous carbonization of fuel in an externally heated conduit 1the process of returning the heat of the products of the carbonization to the carbonizing chamber which comprises, cooling and scrubbing a portion of the gases withdrawn from the said carbonizing chamber to remove illuminants, contacting said cooled portion of the gases with the coke produced by the carboni.- `zation, to heat the said portion of gases and to cool the said coke, conductin the heated portion of the gases into 'the said carbonizing chamber, whereby the said portion of gases is mixed with a fresh portion of the gases generated by the carbonization, and conducting the so-formed gaseous mixture in contact with' a volume of unheated fuel to be carbonized, tov condense tar-forming (fzplnlstituents of said gaseson said unheated 21. In the continuous lcarbonization of fuel in an externally heated conduit the process of returning the major portion of the sensible heat of the products of the carbonization to the carboni'zing chamber which comprises, dividing the gases Withdrawn from said carbonizing chamber into two portions, cooling and scrubbing one portion of said gases to remove illuminants, thevolume of the said portion of the gases being such that it will have a heat carrying capacity greater than the heat carried by the coke produced in the carbonization, contacting the said cooledportion of the' said gases with Athe said coke, to cool the said coke and to reheat the said portion of gases, conducting the re-heated portion of said gases into said carbonizing chamber, mixing the said portion of gases with a fresh volume of the gases generated in the said carbonizing chamber, and contacting the so-formed gaseous mixture with the uncarbonized fuel being fed to the said carbonizing chamber.

22. In the continuous carbonization of fuel in. an externally heated carbonizing heat carrying capacity of the Said gaseous mixture and the said coke will be approximately equal, contacting rthe said gaseous mixture with the said coke, to cool the said coke andtoreheatfthe said gaseous mixture, conducting .the reheated gaseous mixture into the said carbonizing chamber, Aadding -to the lsaid, mixture .the gases being produced in the'said chamber, and contacting the comi bined volume .of the gases Withthe uncarbonized fuel being fed tothe said `carboniz` ing chamber.

23. In kthe continuous carbonization of fuel inv an`r externally heated carbonizing l chamber the process of returning to the carbonizing chamber the major portlon ofthe Sensible heat of the vproducts of the carboni-y zation which comprises, contacting with the coke rformed in the carbonlzation` a volume of water vapor, the said volume of waterv vapor :being `proportioned to the vsensible heat of the said coke, to heat the said water vapor'and tocool the said coke, conducting v y the heatedwater vapor intofcontact'with they f fuelundergoing carbonization, mingling `unchanged water vapor with the distillation gases: produced inthe c'arbonization, and contacting the resulting gaseous mixture with the uncarbonized fuel being fed to the carbonizing chamber.

k24. In.- the. continuous carbonization of rfuel in' "an externally heated lcarbonizing chamberftheprocess which comprises, contacting the hotlgases from 'the carbonizing chamber with a body of fuel before the said fuel-.has entered the said carbonizing 'chamber to transfer` a'portion of the heat of the saidgases to the said fuel, further cooling said gases'by passing the same through a recuperator, withdrawing from the cooled gases a portion of the same such that its heat lcarrying capacity willl be` approximately equalto the sensible heat ofthe coke produced in""the carbonization, scrubbing the portion of said gasesfwithdrawn to remove illuminants, repassing the said portion of .gases through said recuperator, to heat said gaseous streamv `by heat abstracted from the gases .withdrawn from contact with the saidl fuel, and contacting said gaseous stream after the same has repassed said re'- streams, repassing one' of said vstreams -through said recuperator in the presence of '65 water,'to evaporate a portion of the vsaid water' and to heat the water vapor formed and the v.gases of said stream by heat abstracted y'from the gases withdrawn from contact with the said fuel, and contacting4` -themixture of said gases and water vapor rst with the initially hot coked fuelV and then with the carbonizing fuel, to return the major part of the sensible heatof the said coke to theA said carbonizing chamber.

.- 26. In4 the continuous*carbonization vof fuel inl an externally ,heated carbonizing chamber the process which comprises, con'- v'tacting the'hot gases from the carbonizing chamber `with a body -of fuel before the same has'entered the said` carbonizing chamber, to transfer a portion of the heatfof the said gases to thevsaid fuel, further cooling sald gases by passing the same through a recuperator, dividing said cooled gases into two streams, removing the major portion of the illuminating constituents from one of said streams,repassing the partially deluminated gas of the'said stream through said recuperator in the presence of water, to

evaporate a portion of the said waterA and -to heat the said lde luminated gas and the water vapor formed by the heat abstracted. from the gases `withdrawn from contact with the said' fuel, and contacting the said mixture of deluminated gas and water vapor firstv with the 4colle produced by the said carbonization and then with 'the fuel in processof carbonization, to return the heat vof the Vsaid coke to the said carbonizing chamber. y

d 27. Inl the continuous carbonizationof fuel in an externally heated carbonizing chamber the process which comprises, con

`tacting the hot gases from the carbonizing lchamber with a body of fuel before-the same has entered said carbonizing chamber,to transfer a. portion of the heat of the `said gases to the -said fuel, further cooling said gases by passingfthe same through a recu-- perator, dividing said gases into two streams,

removing the major portion' 'of the illuminants' from one of said streams, -repassing the deluminated 'gaseous stream through said recuperator inthe presence of water, to form a mixture of 'deluminated gasand water vapor at the expense of the heat of the fuel, the volume of the said mixture being so'proportioned to the heat ofthe said coke that the heat carrying capacity of the said mixture will be greater than the available sensible heat of the said coke, and contacting the said mixture of deluminated gas and water vapo'r first with the said coke and then with the fuel undergoing -carbonizav gases withdrawn from contact with the said tion, to return the heat of the said coke to the said carbonizing chamber. l

28.111 the' contmu'ous' carbonization of fuel in an externally heated carbonizing `chamber-the process which comprises,l contacting the gases withdrawn from the carbonizing chamber with a body of fuel before the said fuel has entered said carbonizing chamber, to transfer aportion of the heat of the said gases to the said fuel, further coollng said gases by passing the same through a recuperator, dividing the cooled.

gases into two streams, removing the major ortion of the illuminants-and the ammonia rom one of said streams,`repassing the said partially deluminated and ammonia free gas through said recuperator in the presence of water vapor, to heat the said deluminated gas and to substantially saturate the same with water vapor by heat abstracted from the gases withdrawn from contact with the said fuel, and contacting the mixture of deluminated gas and water vapor first with the coke from the said carbonizing chamber and then with the carbonizing fuel in said carbonizing chamber, to return the major portion of the heat of the said coke to the said carbonizing chamber.

29. In the continuous carbonization of fuel .in an externally heated carbonizing chamber the process which comprises, contacting the gases from the carbonizing chamber with a body of fuel before the said fuel has entered said carbonizing chamber, to transfer a portion of the heat of the said gases to the said fuel, further cooling said gases by passing the same through a recuperator, dividing said gases into two streams, removing the major portion ofthe illuminants from one of said streams, repassing the partially deluminated gaseous stream through said recuperator in the presence of water, to evaporate a portion of the said water and to heat the water `vapor formed and said deluminated gas by heat abstracted from the gases withdrawn from contact with the said fuel, the volume of the mixture of water vapor and deluminated gas being such as will have a heat carrying capacity greater than the sensible heat of the coke discharged from the said carbonizing chamber, contacting the said mixture of water vapor and d eluminated gas first with the said coke and then with the carbonizing fuel in the said carbonizing chamber,`to return the major portion of the sensible heat of the said coke to the said chamber.

30. In the continuous carbonization of fuel in an externally heated carbonizing chamber the step which comprises, passing the gases withdrawn from the carbonizing chamber through an evaporator to generate water vapor at the expense of the heat of the said gases, contacting the water vapor formed first with the initially hot coke from the said carbonizing chamber, and contacting products of the reaction of said vapor with said coke and unchanged vapor with the fuel undergoing carbonlzation in said chamber, to return the majork portion o f the heat of said coke to the said chamber.

31. vIn' the carbonization of fuel in an externally heated carbonizing .chamber the step which comprises, transferring the major portion of the sensible heat of the gases Withdrawn from the carbonizing furnace to a body of Water to evaporate the same, the said Water being in contact with a stream, of permanent gas Whose volume is suflicient to reduce the temperature of evaporation of the said water, by reducing the tension of the water vapor formed, to a point above which the sensible heat of the said gases will be suiicient to effect theevaporation of the desired quantity of Water.

.32. In the carbonizationl of fuel in an externally heated carbonizing furnace the step which comprises, transferring the major portion of the sensible heat o f the gases withdrawn from the carbonizing furnace to a body of Water to evaporate the same, the

said water being in contact with a stream of` the mixture of permanent gas and water.

vapor first with the said coked fuel, whereby the sensible heat of the said coked fuel is taken up by the said gaseous mixture, and then with the fuel undergoing carbonization, to return the major portion of the heat of the said coke to the said carbonizing chamber.

33. In the carbonization of fuel in an externally heated carbonizing furnace the step which comprises, transferring the major portion ofthe sensible heat of the gases withdrawn from the carbonizing furnace to a body of water to evaporate the same, the said water being in contactwith a stream of a permanent gas whose volume issuflicient to reduce the temperature of evaporation of the said water, by reducing the tension of the Water vapor formed, to a point above which the sensible heat of the said gases will be suiiicient to effect the eva-poration. of that quantity of water whose vapor, together with the said permanent gas, w1ll have a suicient heat absorbing capacity to cool the coke from the said carbonizing chamber.-

34. In the carbonization of fuel in an vexternally heated carbonizing furnace the tension of the water vapor formed, to a point above which the sensible heat of the said o gases will be suiicient to effect evaporation of that quantity of water whose vapor,

,togetherwith the said permanent gas, will have a suiicient heat absorbing capacity to ,cool rthe coke fromthe said carbonizing chamber, and contacting the mixture of permanent gas and water vapor first with the coked fuel, wherebyV the sensible heat of the coked fuel istaken up by the said gaseous mixture, and then with the f'uel undergoing carbonization, whereby the heat of the said gaseous mixture is in part returned to the and water vapor with the coke from said 4 carbonizing chamber.

v35. In the carbonization of fuel in an externally heated carbonizing chamber the step which comprises, assing the gases from the carbonizing cham er in contact with a body ofthe fuel which is to be carbonized, to preheat the said fuel and to partially cool the said gases, transferring the major portion ofthe remaining sensibleheat, above atmospheric temperature, of the said ygases to a body of water to evaporate the same, the said body of water being in contact with a stream of a permanent gas whose volume is sufficient to reduce the temperature of evaperation of the said water, by reducing the tension of the water vapor formed, to a point above which the sensible heat of the' said ases andthe latent heat 'of the condensale vapors carried by the said 'gases will be suflicient to effect the evaporation of the desired quantity of water, and contacting the resulting mixture of permanent gases carbonizing chamber, to cool the said coke.

36. The processof carbonizing fuel and making gas in a closed conduit which comprises, charging said fuel into an unheated extremity of said conduit, preheating the saidfuel, in the region of said conduit adj acent to the said extremity thereof, by contacting with the said fuel hot gases from the carbonization of said fuel, to heat the said fuel and to cool the said gases, carbonizing the preheated fuel in the middle region of said conduit by external heating of said middle region, quenching thecoke from the carbonization of said fuel and cooling the quenched coke by contacting therewith aportion of the gases which have been cooled in the preheatingof said fuel,the volume of the said portion of such gases being that required tok absorb the heat of said coke,

tially hot gases, to heat the said fuel and to cool the said gases, carbonizing the preheated fuel in the middle region of said conduit by external heating of said middle region, withdrawing fr'om said chamber gases cooled in the preheating of said fuel, removing illuminants from a portion of said gases, quenching theresidue from the carbonization of said fuel and cooling the said residue by contacting therewith in the region of said conduit adjacent to the. other extremity thereof cooled and deluminated gas, and discharging the cooled carbonized fuel residue from the sai-d other extremity of said chamber.9

38. The process of carbonizing fuel and making gas in a closed comparatively long conduit which comprises, charging said fuel ,into `an unheated extremity of said conduit, preheating the said fuel in the region of said conduit adjacent to the said extremity thereof, by contacting with the said fuel hot gases from the carbonization of said fuel, to heat the said fuel and to cool the said gases, carbonizing the preheated'fuel in the middle region of said conduit by external heating of said middle region, withdrawing from the fuel preheating region of said conduit the gases which have been contacted with the fuel therein, removing illuminants from a` portion of said gases, quenching the fixed residue from the carbonization of said fuel and cooling the said residue by .contacting therewith, in the region of said conduit adjacent to the other extremity thereof, a portign of deluminated gas, the volume of said pbrtion of deluminatedfgas being that required to absorb substantially all of the heat -of'said carbonized residue above the temperature of said deluminated gas, and

discharging the cooled coke from the other extremity of said conduit.

39. The process of carbonizing fuel and I `making gas in a vertical retort having com paratively long externally unheated end extensions which comprises, preheating said fuel in the upper region of said retort by passing in contact with said fuel the gases from the carbonizing region of said retort, to cool the said gases to a point that will cause depositionof tar of said gases upon vsaid fluid, carbonizing the said preheated fuel in an intermediate localized carbonizing'region of said retort, withdrawing carbonized fuel formed in said carbonizing region of the retort into the portion of said retort below said carbonizing region, introducing into the externally unheated lower end extension of said retort a stream of (fooled and substantially deluminated gas, passing said gas stream upward through said retort in contact with the said carboncooled carbonized fuel from the bottom of said retort and mixing the heated gas with the gases distilled from the said fuel in the carbonization of the same.

40. The process of carbonizing fuel and maln'ng gas in a vertical retort having comparatively long externally unheated end extensions which comprises, preheating the said fuel in the upper end extension of said retort by passing in contact with said fuel the gases from an intermediate carbonizing region of said retort, whereby the said gases are at the same time cooled and tar forming constituents of said gases condensed on said fuel, carbonizing the said fuel in the said carbonizing region of said retort by eX- -ternal heating of said carbonizing' region,

withdrawing the carbonized fuel formed in the carbonizing region of the retort into the externally unheated end extension of the retort below said carbonizing region, Withdrawing the gases cooled in the fuel preheating region of said retort, diverting a portion of the same, removing the major part of the illuminants from said diverted portion of gases, introducing the said portion of partially deluminated 'gas into the lower end extension of said retort, assing the said portion of gas upward tlir said retort in contact with said carbonized fuel, to cool the said carbonized fuel and to heat the said portion of gas, the volume of the said deluminated portion of the gas being that required to absorb substantially all of the sensible heat of the said carbonized fuel above the temperature at which the said portion of deluminated gas is introduced into said retort, passing the heated deluminated gas in contact with the carbonizing fuel in said retort, whereb the said gas isl caused to again take up i uminating constituents, mel-gin the said gas with the distillation gases o said fuel, and withdrawing the cooled carbonized fuel from the lower end extension of said retort.

, Signed at New York city in the county of New York and State of New York this 14th day of November A. D. 1911.

v HENRY L. DOHERTY.

ough 

